Neurodiversity in Prisons: Why Inclusive Education Must Be the Norm

Many people in prisons are neurodiverse, meaning they think, learn and process information differently. A 2024 government review estimated that up to half of the adult prison population could be neurodivergent and some studies suggests that the number may even be higher.

Since 2021, the Prison Service has identified at least 25,000 prisoners enrolled in education who have learning difficulties and disabilities.

Education in prison must work for everyone, by creating an environment where every learner can succeed, unlock potential, improve rehabilitation outcomes and reduce reoffending. It’s important that learning needs are inclusive, adaptable and tailored to individual needs.

Understanding the scale of neurodiversity in prisons

Neurodiversity is a defining feature of the UK prison population, with recent government reviews and sector research estimating that up to half of the adults in custody are neurodivergent. This includes individuals with ADHD, autism, dyslexia, learning difficulties and a range of other conditions.

Many people enter prison without a formal diagnosis, meaning their needs often go unrecognised. While gaps in identification and support can present challenges for neurodivergent individuals in prison, enhancing early screening and assessment offers a valuable opportunity to unlock potential and improve engagement with education and rehabilitation.

Why inclusive education matters

Adapting teaching for different learners

In a prison setting it is important to ensure that every individual has the opportunity to succeed. Flexibility in teaching methods, such as breaking lessons into smaller groups, one-to-one support, visual aids or practical can make a significant difference for neurodiversity learners.

For example, HMP Altcourse has implemented innovative approach in teaching maths, using real-life scenarios and visual resources to engage learners who might struggle in traditional classroom environments.

Read more: Making Maths Shine at HMP Altcourse | Creative Learning with Novus

Early Identification

Screening individuals as soon as they arrive in prison means staff can quickly recognise those who require additional support. Early intervention allows for tailored educational strategies and resources, helping to create a more inclusive and supportive learning environment.

Neurodiversity support in prisons can begin immediately upon entry, ensuring that learners receive tailored assistance from their very first day. This proactive approach helps create an inclusive educational environment where individual needs are recognised and addressed right from the start.

The role of learning support managers

At Novus, Learning Support Managers are responsible for supporting staff and learners, helping to recognise and respond to neurodivergent needs. This ensures that learners have access to the right tools, and access to tailored education plans.

Their work leads to practical changes within the prison environment, such as the introduction of sensory rooms, quiet learning spaces, and personalised learning plans. All designed to make education more accessible and effective for neurodivergent individuals.

Making education accessible

Making education accessible means recognising and addressing the diverse needs of all learners. A range of supportive tools and formats can make a significant difference for individuals who experience barriers to traditional learning methods.

• Coloured overlays can help those with visual stress or dyslexia to read more comfortably
• Audio versions of learning materials ensure that content is available to those who benefit from listening rather than reading
• Easy-read documents simplify complex information, making it more approachable for learners
• Reader pens offer discreet, on-the-spot support by reading text aloud
• Noise-reducing ear defenders create a calmer environment for those who are sensitive to sound

How inclusive learning supports rehabilitation

Inclusive learning can be transformative for people in prison, providing opportunities to develop skills, build confidence and engage more positively with daily routines.

This inclusive approach not only supports personal growth and engagement, but also helps individuals prepare for life beyond custody. As a result, inclusive education can play a crucial role in reducing reoffending rates and supporting successful reintegration into society.

Learn more and work with us

At Novus, we deliver education in prisons across England and Wales, supporting learners with a wide range of needs. We believe that everyone should have the chance to learn and succeed, no matter their starting point.

Our commitment to inclusive education ensures that all individuals, regardless of background or learning difference, are given opportunities to develop skills and confidence for life beyond custody.

If you’d like to find out more about our work, get involved and partner with us, or get in touch with us to learn more about the services we deliver in prisons across the UK.